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Varroa Sensitive Hygiene (VSH)
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New definition of VSH by John Harbo:
 Responses to Varroa by honey bees with different levels of Varroa Sensitive Hygiene.
 Bibliography of Current Bee Breeding Topics
Africanized Honeybees: Genetics For the latest info click here Analysis of Nuclear Copies of Mitochondrial Sequences in Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Genome Asymmetric introgression of African genes in honeybee populations (Apis mellifera L.) in Central Mexico Environmental physiology of the invasion of the Americas by Africanized honeybees The flight physiology of reproductives of Africanized, European, and hybrid honeybees (Apis mellifera). Harrison, J. F., Taylor, O. R., Jr., Hall, H. G.- Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 2005 Genetic structure of honeybee populations from southern Brazil and Uruguay Genotype–environment interactions in honeybee guarding behaviour The influence of paternity on virgin queen success in hybrid colonies of European and African THE INFLUENCE OF HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN AFRICAN AND EUROPEAN HONEYBEES, APIS MELLIFERA, ON ASYMMETRIES IN WING SIZE AND SHAPESS Schneider, LJ Leamy, LA Lewis, G DeGrandi- … – Evolution, 2003 Genetic diversity of the honeybee in Africa: microsatellite and mitochondrial data Identification of African-Derived Bees in the Americas: A Survey of Methods Selective Breeding of Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Africanized Areas Nest Defense Behavior in Colonies from Crosses Between Africanized and European Honey Bees Gloria DeGrandi-Hoffman et al Journal of Insect Behavior,1998 Number of ovarioles in workers descendent from crossings between Africanized and Italian honeybees, Apis mellifera L.: comparison among backcrosses and ancestors colonies Anais da Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil, 1998 DNA Studies Reveal Processes Involved in the Spread of New World African Honeybees The Biology and Management of Africanized Honey Bees Parental Analysis of Introgressive Hybridization Between African and European Honeybees Using Nuclear DNA RFLPs Polymorphisms in mitochondrial DNA of european and Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera) Breed M, et al (1989) A correlation between guard behaviour and defensive response in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Animal Behaviour 37 (3) 515-516 Collins A; Rinderer T; Daly H; Harbo J; Pesante D (1989) Alarm pheromone production by two honeybee types. Journal of Chemical Ecology 15 (6); 1747-1755 Collins A, Rinderer T (1986) The defensive behavior of the Africanized bee. American Bee Journal 126 (9):623-627 Collins A; Rinderer T; Harbo J; Bolten A (1982) Colony defense by Africanized and European honey bees. Science 218 : 72-74 Collins A, et al (1994) Correlation between morphology and colony defence in Apis mellifera L. Journal of Apicultural Research 33 (1): 3-10 De Jong D (1996) Africanized honey bees in Brazil, forty years of adaptation and success. Bee World 77 (2): 67-70 Guzman-Nova E; Page R (1993) Backcrossing Africanized honey bee queens to European drones reduces colony defensive behavior. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 86(3): 352-355 Guzman-Nova E, Sanchez A, Page R, Garcia T (1996) Susceptibility of European and Africanized honeybees and their hybrids to Varroa jacobsoni. Apidologie 27 : 93-103 Hall H G (1992) DNA studies reveal processes involved in the spread of new world African honeybees. Insect Behavioral Ecology 75 (1): 51-59 Hall H G (1992) Suspected African honeybee colonies in Florida tested for identifying DNA markers. Florida Entomologist 75 (2): 257-266 Harbo J, Bolten A, Rinderer T, Collins A, (1981) Development periods for eggs of Africanized and European honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 20 (3) :156-159 Harrison J; Hall H G (1993) African-European honeybee hybrids have low non intermediate metabolic capacities. Nature 363 : 258-259 Hellmich R; Danka R; Collins A; Rinderer (1986) Laying worker production of drones in mixed colonies of Africanized and European honey bees. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 79 : 833-836 Kerr W; Bueno D (1970) Natural crossing between Apis mellifera adansonii and Apis mellifera ligustica. Evolution 24 : 145-155 Moritz R, Southwick E, Harbo J (1987) Genetic analysis of defesive behaviour of honeybee colonies in a field test. Apidologie 18 (1): 27-42 Moritz R; Meusal M (1992) Mitochondrial gene frequencies in Africanized honeybees: Theoretical model and empirical evidence. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 5 :71-81 Smith D (1991) African bees in the Americas: Insights from biogeography and genetics. TREE 6 (1): 17-21 Stort A (1974) Genetic study of aggressiveness of two subspecies of Apis mellifera in Brazil. 1. Some tests to measure aggressiveness. Journal of Apicultural Research 13 (1): 33-38 Stort A (1975) Genetic study of aggressiveness of two subspecies of Apis mellifera in Brazil. 2. Time at which the first sting reached a leather ball. Journal of Apicultural Research 14 (3/4): 171-175 Artificial (Instrumental) Insemination For the latest info click here Comparison studies of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated honey bee queens and factors affecting their performance Effects of Insemination Quantity on Honey Bee Queen Physiology Effect of mating number on pheromone profiles of inseminated honey bee queens Functional characterisation of semen in honeybee queen (A.m.ligustica S.) spermatheca and efficiency of the diluted semen technique in instrumental insemination Lodesani, M., Balduzzi, D., Galli, A. , Italian Journal of Animal Science, 2004 Instrumental insemination of Apis mellifera queens with hetero-and conspecific spermatozoa results in different sperm survival Sperm utilization pattern in the honeybee (Apis mellifera) Genetic diversity within honeybee colonies prevents severe infections and promotes colony growth Functional characteristics of semen in the honey bee (A. m. ligustica S.) queen spermatheca and efficiency of the semen mixing technique in instrumental insemination. Lodesani, M., Balduzzi, D., Galli, A.,Sixth European Bee Conference, 2002 Relationship between semen quality and performance of instrumentally inseminated honey bee queens Survival of Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Spermatozoa Stored at Above-Freezing Temperatures Sperm-mediated transformation of the honey bee, Apis mellifera Migration and dispersal of spermatozoa in spermathecae of queen honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) Buys B, Pringle K, Giliomee (1993) Effect of age on artificial insemination of queens of Apis mellifera capensis. African Entomology 1 (2): 270-272 Bolten A, Harbo J, (1982) Numbers of spermatozoa in the spermatheca of the queen honeybee after multiple inseminations with small volumes of semen. Journal of Apicultural Research 21 (1): 7-10 Buys B, (1992) Effect of humidity on artificial insemination of queen honey bees. American Bee Journal 132 (12): 801-802 Buys B, (1993) Effect of worker absence on the results of artificial insemination and survival of queen honey bees. American Bee Journal 133 (2): 133-135 Cale G, (1960) Lloyd Raymond Watson. Father of controlled mating. American Bee Journal 100 (5): 180-181 Camargo C (1975) Biology of the spermatozoon of Apis mellifera. 1. Influence of diluents and ph. Journal of Apicultural Research 14 (3/4): 113-118 Carmago J, (1968) Note on techniques for instrumental insemination of queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 7 (3): 157-161 Cobey S, (1983) The development of instrumental insemination. American Bee Journal 123 (2) 108-111 Cobey S, (1983) Instrumental insemination: Current developments and its application today. American Bee Journal 123 (3) 182-185 Cobey S, (1983) Instrumental insemination: the possibility of semen storage. American Bee Journal 123 (5): 389-395 Cobey S, (1995) Instrumental insemination equipment: sophistication and simplification in designs. American Bee Journal 135 (10): 697-701 Collins A (2000) Relationship between semen quality and performace of instrumentally inseminated honey bee queens. Apidologie 31 : 421- 429 Ebadi R, Gary N, (1980) Factors affecting survival, migration of spermatozoa and the onset of oviposition in instrumentally inseminated queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 19 (2) : 96-104 Greenleaf M, (1993) Drone production at Hybi-Bees, Inc. American Bee Journal 133 (4): 287-289 Harbo J, (1974) A technique for handling stored semen of honey bees. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 67 (2): 191-194 Harbo J, (1991) Effect of pupal weight and insemination volume on oviposition of queen bees. BeeScience 1 (3): 155-158 Harbo J, (1976) The effect of insemination on the egg laying behavior of honey bees. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 69 (6): 1036-1038 Harbo J, (1979) Storage of honeybee spermatozoa at -196 C. Journal of Apicultural Research 18 (1): 57-63 Harbo J, (1985) Instrumental insemination of queen bees- 1985. Part 1. American Bee Journal 125 (3) 197-202 Harbo J, (1985) Instrumental insemination of queen bees- 1985. Part 2. American Bee Journal 125 (4) 282-287 Harbo J, (1986) Oviposition rates of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated queen honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 79 6(1): 112-115 Harbo J, (1987) Using mixed semen in a bee breeding program. American Bee Journal 127 (12): 845-846 Harbo J, (1988) Sperm competition. American Bee Journal 128 (12): 803-804 Harbo J, (1990) Artificial mixing of spermatozoa from honeybees and evidence for sperm competition. Journal of Apicultural Research 29 (3): 151-158 Harbo J, (1999) The value of single drone inseminations in selective breeding of honey bees. in Apiculture for the 21st century. Wicwas Press pp.1-5 Harbo J, Williams J, (1987) Effect of above freezing temperatures on temporary storage of honeybee spermatozoa. Journal of Apicultural Research 26 (1): 53-55 Harbo J, Szabo T, (1984) A comparison of instrumentally inseminated and naturally mated queens. Journal of Apicultural Research 23 (1):31-36 Harris J, Harbo J, (1988) Breeding from worker honey bees. American Bee Journal 128 (12): 804 Kaftanoglu O, Peng Y, (1980) A new syringe for semen storage and instrumental insemination of queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 19 (1): 73-76 Kaftanoglu O, Peng Y, (1980) A washing technique for collection of honeybee semen. Journal of Apicultural Research 19 (3): 205-211 Kaftanoglu O, Peng Y, (1982) Effects of insemination on the initiation of oviposition in the queen honeybee. Journal of Apicultural Research 21 (1): 2-6 Kuhnert M, (1991) Demonstrations of new techniques using instrumental insemination. Apiacta 26 :2-7 Kuehnert M, Carrick M, Allan L, (1989) Use of homogenized drone semen in a bee breeding program in Western Australia. Apidologie 20 (5): 371-381 Kuhnert M, Laidlaw H, (1994) Simplified apparatus for instrumental insemination of queen bees with the flexible insemination technique. Apidologie 25 : 144-154 Laidlaw H, (1978) Instrumental insemination of honey bee queens. Dadant and Sons, Hamilton, Illinois Laidlaw H, (1988) One-piece queen holder for Mackenson-type insemination device. American Bee Journal 128 (4): 281 Locke S, Peng Y, (19930 The effects of drone age, semen storage and contamination on semen quality in the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Physiological Entomology 18 : 144-148 Mackensen O, (1947) Effect of carbon dioxide on initial oviposition of artificially inseminated and virgin queen bees. Journal of Economic Entomology 40 (3):344-349 Mackensen O, (1955) Experiments in the technique of artificial insemination of queen bees. Journal of Economic Entomology 48(4):418-421 Mackensen O, Tucker K, (1970) Instrumental insemination of queen bees. Agric. Handbook, No. 350 28 pr., USDA. Washington Moritz R, (1983) Homogeneous mixing of honeybee semen by centrifugation.Journal of Apicultural Research 22 (4): 249-255 Moritz R, (1984) The effect of different diluents on insemination success in the honeybee using mixed semen. Journal of Apicultural Research 23 (3): 164-167 Moritz R, Editor (1989) The instrumental insemination of the queen bee. Apimondia, Bucharest , Romania Nelson D, Laidlaw H, (1988) An evaluation of instrumentally inseminated queens shipped in packages. American Bee Journal 128 (4): 279-280 Page R, Kimsey R, Laidlaw H, (1984) Migration and dispersal of spermatozoa in spermathecae of queen honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) Experientia 40 : 182-184 Poole H, Taber S, (1969) A method of in vitro storage of honeybee semen.American Bee Journal 109 (11): 420-421 Poole H, Taber S, (1970) In vitro preservation of honey bee semen enhanced by storage at 13-15 C. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 63 (6) 1673-1674 Ruttner F, (1976) The instrumental insemination of the queen bee. Apimondia, Bucharest , Romania Schley P (1988) An important improvement in the insemination technique of queen honey bees. American Bee Journal 128 (4): 282-284 Skowronek W, Kruk C, Loc K, (1995) The insemination of queen honeybees with diluted semen. Apidologie 26 : 487-493 Smith R, Spivak M, Taylor O, Bennett C, Smith M (1993) Maturation of tergal gland alkene profiles in European honey bee queens. Journal of Chemical Ecology 19 (1): 133-142 Taber S, (1961) Successful shipments of honeybee semen. Bee World 42 (70): 173-176 Verma L, (1978) Biology of honeybee spermatozoa. Apidologie 9 (3): 167-174 Verma L, (1983) Effect of deep freezing on survival of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) spermatozoa. American Bee Journal 123 (12); 851-852 Williams J, Harbo J, (1982) Bioassay for diluents of honey bee semen. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 75 : 457-459 Williams J, (1983) Effect of osmotic pressure on insemination success using incubated honey bee semen. American Bee Journal 123 (12): 849-850 Woyke J, (1964) Causes of repeated mating flights by queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 3 (1) : 17-23 Woyke J, (1979) Effect of the access of worker honeybees to the queen on the results of instrumental insemination. Journal of Apicultural Research 19 (2): 136-143 Woyke J, (1979) Number of worker bees necessary to attend instrumentally inseminated queens kept in an incubator. Apidologie 10 (2): 149-155 Woyke J, (1983) Dynamics of entry of spermatozoa into the spermatheca of instrumentally inseminated queen honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 22 (3): 150-154 Woyke J, (1989) Correct queen maintenance before and after instrumental insemination, tested in Egypt. Journal of Apicultural Research 28 (4): 187-190 Woyke J, Jasinski Z, (1973) Influence of external conditions on the number of spermatozoa entering the spermatheca of instrumentally inseminated honeybee queens. Journal of Apicultural Research 12 (3): 145-151 Woyke J, Jasinski Z, (1982) Influence of the number of attendant workers on the number of spermatozoa entering the spermatheca of instrumentally inseminated queens kept outdoors in mating nuclei. Journal of Apicultural Research 21 (3): 129-133 Woyke J, Jasinski Z, (1990) Effect of the number of attendant worker bees on the initiation of egg laying by instrumentally inseminated queens kept in small nuclei. Journal of Apicultural Research 29 (2): 101-106 Woyke J (1991) Syringe guide for instrumental insemination apparatus of queen bees. Apidologie 22 : 81-85 Woyke J, Jasinski Z, (1992) Natural mating of instrumentally inseminated queen bees. Apidologie 23 :225-230 Woyke J, et al (1995) Further investigations on natural mating of instrumentally inseminated Apis mellifera queens. Journal of Apicultural Research 34 (2): 105-106 Bee Genetics and Breeding For the latest info click here Adam Br. (1982) Breeding the Honeybee. Northern Bee Books, West Yorkshire Dews J, Milner E, (1993) Breeding Better Bees: using simple modern methods. British Isle Bee Breeder’s Assn. Goncalves L, Stort A, (1978) Honey bee improvement through behavioral genetics. Annual Review of Entomology 31 :197-213 Harbo J, (1999) The value of single drone inseminations in selective breeding of honey bees. in Apiculture for the 21st century. Wicwas Press pp.1-5 Hoopingarner R, Farrar C (1959) Genetic control of size in queen honey bees. Journal of Economic Entomology 52 (4): 547-548 Kerr W, Laidlaw H (1956) General genetics of bees. Advances in Genetics 8: 109-153 Laidlaw H, Eckert J (1962) Queen Rearing Univ.Calif Press Laidlaw H(1979) Contemporary Queen Rearing Dadant and Sons, Hamilton IL Laidlaw H, Page RE (1997) Queen Rearing and Bee Breeding Wicwas Press, Chesire CT Mesquida J, (1981) Elements of genetics with special reference to the bee. British Isle Bee Breeder’s Assn. Rinderer T, Editor (1986) Bee Genetics and Breeding. Academic Press, Inc. Orlando, FL Rothenbuhler W (1958) Genetics and breeding of the honey bee. Annual Review of Entomology 3 :161-180 Rothenbuhler W (1980) Necessary links in the chain of honey bee stock improvement. American Bee Journal 120 (3): 223-225 Rothenbuhler W, Kulincevic J, Kerr W, (1968) Bee genetics. Annual Review of Genetics 2 : 413-438 Ruttner F, Editor (1972) Controlled mating and selection of the honey bee. Apimondia, Bucharest , Romania Ruttner F, (1988) Breeding techniques and selection for breeding of the honeybee. British Isle Bee Breeder’s Assn. Ruttner F, Mackensen O, (1952) The genetics of the honeybee. Bee World 33 (4): 53-79 Schiff N, Sheppard W (1996) Genetic differentiation in the queen breeding population of the western United States. Apidologie 27 : 77-86 Taber S (1987) Breeding Super Bees. A.I. Root Co. Medina OH Closed Population Bee BreTop of page_eding For the latest info click here Atkinson T, (1991) The avoidance of diploid drones in closed population honeybee breeding.Entomol. exp. appl. 58:185-190 Cobey S, Lawrence T,(1985) Another look at the Page-Laidlaw closed population breeding program.American Bee Journal 125(10):687-690 Cobey S, Lawrence T, (1988) Commercial application and practical use of the Page-Laidlaw Closed population breeding program. American Bee Journal 128(5):341-344 Page R, Laidlaw H, (1982) Closed population honeybee breeding. 1. Population genetics of sex determination. Journal of Apicultural Research 21(1):30-37 Page R, Laidlaw H, (1982) Closed population honeybee breeding.2. Comparative methods of stock maintenance and selective breeding. Journal of Apicultural Research 21:38-44 Page R, Laidlaw H, Erickson E, (1983) Closed population honeybee breeding. 3. The distribution of sex alleles with gyne supersedure.Journal of Apicultural Research 22:184-190 Page R, Laidlaw H, (1985) Closed population honeybee breeding. Bee World 66(2):63-72 Page R, Marks W, (1982) The population genetics of sex determination in honey bees:random mating in closed populations. Heredity 48 (2):263-270 Roberts W, (1974) A standard stock of honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Research 13:113-120 Szabo T, Lefkovitch L, (1987) Fourth generation of closed-population honeybee breeding 1. Comparison of selected and control strains. Journal of Apicultural Research 26(3):170-180 Severson D, Page R, Erickson E,(1986) Closed population breeding in honey bees:A report on its practical application. American Bee Journal 126(2):93-94 Honeybee Genomics For the latest info click here Analysis of Nuclear Copies of Mitochondrial Sequences in Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Genome Genome-wide analysis reveals differences in brain gene expression patterns associated with caste and reproductive status in honey bees RNAi-induced phenotypes suggest a novel role for a chemosensory protein CSP5 in the development of embryonic integument in the honeybee Exceptionally High Density of NUMTs in the Honeybee Genome A third generation microsatellite-based linkage map of the honey bee and its comparison with the sequence-based physical map Non-destructive genotyping and genetic variation of fanning in a honey bee colony A honey bee odorant receptor for the queen substance 9-oxo-2-decenoic acid Variation in genomic recombination rates among animal taxa and the case of social insects Exceptionally high levels of recombination across the honey bee genome Quantitative Comparison of Caste Differences in Honeybee Hemolymph A deficit of detoxification enzymes: pesticide sensitivity and environmental response in the honeybee Genes of the antioxidant system of the honey bee: annotation and phylogeny Immune pathways and defence mechanisms in honey bees Apis mellifera,: J. D. Evans, K. Aronstein, Y. P. Chen, C. Hetru, J.-L. Imler, H. Jiang, M. Kanost, G. J. Thompson, Z. Zou, D. Hultmark – Insect Molecular Biology, 2006 Pronounced Differences of Recombination Activity at the Sex Determination Locus of the Honeybee, a Locus Under Strong Balancing Selection ProtoBee: Hierarchical classification and annotation of the honey bee proteome Genome sequences of the honey bee pathogens Paenibacillus larvae and Ascosphaera apis – X. Qin, J. D. Evans, K. A. Aronstein, K. D. Murray, G. M. Weinstock – Insect Molecular Biology, 2006 Sweetness and light: illuminating the honey bee genome – G. E. Robinson, J. D. Evans, R. Maleszka, H. M. Robertson, D. B. Weaver, K. Worley, R. A. Gibbs, G. M. Weinstock – Insect Molecular Biology, 2006 Genome scan for cis-regulatory DNA motifs associated with social behavior in honey bees Towards a molecular definition of worker sterility: differential gene expression and reproductive plasticity in honey bees – G. J. Thompson, R. Kucharski, R. Maleszka, B. P. Oldroyd – Insect Molecular Biology, 2006 Nuclear receptors of the honey bee: annotation and expression in the adult brain – Rodrigo A. Velarde, Gene E. Robinson, Susan E. Fahrbach – Insect Molecular Biology, 2006 Genomic dissection of behavioral maturation in the honey bee The foraging gene, behavioral plasticity, and honeybee division of labor Behavior and the limits of genomic plasticity: power and replicability in the honey bee Microarray and real-time PCR analyses of gene expression in the honeybee brain following caffeine treatment A Microsatellite-Based Linkage Map of the Honeybee, Apis mellifera L. The Emergence of Hymenopteran Genetics Unusually High Recombination Rate Detected in the Sex Locus Region of the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Characterization of Honeybee Chromosomes Using Repetitive DNA Probes and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization Hunt G, Page R (1995) Linkage Map of the Honey Bee, Apis mellifera, Based on RAPD Markers. Genetics 139: 1371-1382 Hunt G, Page R, Fondrk K, Dullumt C (1995) Major Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Honey Bee Foraging Behavior Genetics 141: 1537-1545 Hunt G, Guzma´n-Novoa E, Fondrk K, Page R (1997) Quantitative Trait Loci for Honey Bee Stinging Behavior and Body Size. Genetics 148: 1203–1213
Tracheal Mite Resistance For the latest info click here CASTE, SEX AND STRAIN OF HONEY BEES (APIS MELLIFERA) AFFECT INFESTATION WITH TRACHEAL MITES (ACARAPIS WOODI) Villa J, Danka R, Experimental and Applied Acarology Volume 37, December 2005 , pp. 157-164 Cobey S (1997) Honey bee tracheal mite resistance: are resistant stocks developing and can they be maintained? American Bee Journal 137 (10): 738-740 DANKA, R. G., VILLA, J. D. 1996. Comparative susceptibility of Africanized honey bees from south Texas to infestation by Acarapis woodiSouthwestern Entomologist 21: 451-456. Danka R, Villa J (1998) Evidence of autogrooming as a mechanism of honey bee resistance to tracheal mite infestation. Journal of Apicultural Research 37(1): 39-46 Danka R, et al(1995) Field test of resistance to Acarapis woodi and of colony production by four stocks of honey bees. Journal of Economic Entomology 88(3): 584-591 Danka R, Villa J (1996) Influence of resistant honey bee hosts on the life history of the parasite Acarapis woodi. Experimental and Applied Acarology 20(6): 313-322 Danka R, Villa J (2000) Inheritance of resistance to Acarapis woodi in first generation crosses of honey bees. Journal of Economic Entomology 93 (6) : 1602-1605 Gary N, Page R, (1987) Phenotypic variation in susceptibility of honey bees, Apis mellifera. to infestation by tracheal mites, Acarapis woodi. Experimental and Applied Acarology 3: 291-305 Gary N, Page R, (1990) Genotypic variation in susceptibility of honey bees (Apis mellifera) to infestation by tracheal mites (Acarapis woodi). Experimental and Applied Acarology 8:275-283 Gary N, Page R, Lorenzen K, (1989) Effect of age of worker honey bees (Apis mellifera) on tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi) infestation. Experimental and Applied Acarology 7:153-160 Pettis J, Pankiw T (1994) Grooming behavior by the honey bee and tracheal mite dispersal. American Bee Journal 134(12) 834-835 Pettis J, Pankiw T (1998) Grooming behavior by Apis mellifera in the presence of Acarapis woodi. Apidologie 29: 223-235 Smith A, Needham G, Page R, Fondrk K, (1991) Dispersal of the honey bee tracheal mite Acarapis woodi to old winter bees. Bee Science 1 (2) :95-99 Szabo T, Lefkovitch L, Clark K (1991) Comparative resistance of honey bees from a closed population to infestation by tracheal mites. American Bee Journal 131 (10): 643-645 Varroa Resistance: General For the latest info click here Boecking O, Ritter W, (1994) Current status of behavioral tolerance of the honey bee Apis mellifera to the mite Varroa jacobsoni. American Bee Journal 134(10):689-694 Buchler R, (1994)Varroa tolerance in honey bees-occurrence, characters and breeding. Bee World 75(2):54-70 Cobey S, Lawrence T,(1988) Varroa mite: Potential methods of control. American Bee Journal 128(2):112-113 DANKA, R. G., RINDERER, T. E., KUZNETSOV, V. N., DELATTE, G. T. 1995. A USDA-ARS project to evaluate resistance to Varroa jacobsoni by honey bees of Far-Eastern Russia.American Bee Journal 135: 746-748. DeJong D,(1997) An isolated population of Italian bees that has survived Varroa jacobsoni infestation without treatment for over 12 years. American Bee Journal 137 (10): 742-745 Harbo J, (1993) Evaluating bees for resistance to Varroa mites. American Bee Journal 133(12):865 Kulincevic JM, Rinderer TE, Mladja VJ, Buco SM (1992) Five years of bi-directional genetic selection for honey bees resistant and susceptible to Varroa jacobsoni.Apidologie (23):443-452 Moritz R,(1994) Selection for varroatosis resistance in honeybees. Parasitology Today 10(6)236-238 Morse R, Miksa D, Masenheimer J, (1991) Varroa resistance in U.S.honey bees. American Bee Journal 131(7)433-434 Rinderer T et al,(1993) The breeding, importing, testing and general characteristics of Yugoslavian honey bees bred for resistance to Varroa jacobsoni. American Bee Journal 133(3):197-200 RINDERER, T. E., DELATTE, G. T., DE GUZMAN, L. I., WILLIAMS, J. L., STELZER, J. A., KUZNETSOV, V. N. 1999. Evaluations of the Varroa-resistance of honey bees imported from Far-Eastern Russia. American Bee Journal 139: 287-290 RINDERER, T. E., DE GUZMAN, L. I. 1999. Identification and comparison of Varroa species infesting honey bees. Apidologie 30: 85-95. Taber S, (1993) Varroa resistance-a summation. American Bee Journal 133 (3):194-195 Woyke J, (1989) Breeding of honey bees resistant to Varroa jacobsoni. American Bee Journal 129 (1):21-23 Varroa Resistance: Brood Development Time For the latest info click here Bienefeld K, (1996) Factors affecting duration of the postcapping period in brood of the honey bee (Apis mellifera carnica) Journal of Apicultural Research 35 (1): 11-17 Buchler R, Dreschner W,(1990) Variance and heritability of the capped developmental stage in European Apis mellifera L. and its correlation with increased Varroa jacobsoni Oud. infestation. Journal of Apicultural Research 29 (3):172-176 DeGrandi-Hoffman G, Lusby D, Erickson E,(1989) Managing colony genetics by grafting and selecting for queens with shorter development times. American Bee Journal 129 (11):717-719 Harbo J (1992) Breeding honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) for more rapid development of larvae and pupae. Journal of Economic Entomology 85 (6):2125-2130 Le Conte Y, et al(1994) Heritability of queen brood post-capping stage duration in Apis mellifera mellifera L. Apidologie 25 : 513-519 Top of page_Moritz R (1985) Heritability of the postcapping stage in Apis mellifera and its relation to varroatosis resistance. The Journal of Heredity 76 : 267-270 Moritz R, Mautz D, (1990) Development of Varroa jacobsoni in colonies of Apis mellifera capensis and Apis mellifera carnica. Apidologie 21 :53-58 Moritz R, Jordan M (1993) Selection of resistance against Varroa jacobsoni across caste and sex in the honeybee. Experimental and Applied Acarology 16 (4): 345-353 Spivak M, et al(1992) Influence of Temperature on rate of development and color patterns of queen honey bees. Environmental Entomology 21(2): 364-370 Top of pageTop of page_ Varroa Resistance: Grooming Behavior For the latest info click here ARECHAVALETA-VELASCO M, GUZMÁN-NOVOA E (2001) Relative effect of four characteristics that restrain the population growth of the mite Varroa destructor in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies. Apidologie 32 (2001) 157–174
Boecking O, Ritter W (1993) Grooming and removal behavior of Apis mellifera intermissa in Tunisia against Varroa jacobsoni. Journal of Apicultural Research 32 : 127 Buchler R, Drescher W, Tournier (1992) Grooming behaviour of Apis cerana, Apis mellifera and Apis dorsata, reacting to Varroa jacobsoni and Tropilaelaps clareae.Experimental and Applied Acarology 16 : 313-319 Moore D, et al, (1995) A highly specialized social grooming honey bee. Journal of Insect Behavior 8 (6): 855-861 Moretto G, (1997) Defense of Africanized bee workers against the mite Varroa jacobsoni in southern Brazil. American Bee Journal 137 (10): 746-747 Peng Y, et al(1987)The resistance mechanism of the Asian honeybee Apis cerana Fabr., to an ectoparasitic mite, Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 49 (1): 54-60 Ruttner F, Hanel H,(1992) Active defense against Varroa mites in a Carniolan strain of honeybee. Apidologie 23, 173-187 Varroa Resistance: Hygienic Behavior (also: AFB,EFB,Chalkbrood) For the latest info click here Boecking O, Drescher (1991) Response of Apis mellifera colonies infested with Varroa jacobsoni. Apidologie 22 : 237-241 Boecking O (1992) Removal behavior of Apis mellifera colonies towards sealed brood cells infested with Varroa jacobsoni: techniques extent and efficacy.Apidologie 23 : 127 Boecking O, Drescher (1992) The removal response of Apis mellifera L. colonies to brood in wax and plastic cells after artificial and natural infestation with Varroa jacobsoni Oud. and to freeze-killed brood. Experimental and Applied Acarology 16:321-329 Boecking O, Drescher (1992) Apis mellifera removes Varroa jacobsoni and Tropilaelaps clareae from sealed brood cells in the tropics. American Bee Journal 132 : 732-734 Boecking O, Spivak M (1999) Behavioral defenses of honey bees against Varroa jacobsoni. Apidologie 30 : 141-158 Boecking O (1999) Sealing up and non-removal of diseased and Varroa jacobsoni infested drone brood cells is part of the hygienic behavior in Apis cerana. Journal of Apicultural Research 38 : 159-168 Gilliam M, Taber S, Richardson G, (1983) Hygienic behavior of honey bees in relation to chalkbrood disease. Apidologie 14 (1): 29-39 Gramacho K, et al (1999) Influence of body fluid from pin killed honey bee pupae on hygienic behavior. Apidologie 30 : 367-374 Jones R, Rothenbuhler W, (1964) Behaviour genetics of nest cleaning in honeybees. II. Responses of two inbred lines to various amounts of cyanide killed brood. Animal Behaviour 12 (4) : 584-587 Milne C, (1982) Honey bee hygienic behavior and resistance to chalkbrood. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 76 : 384-387 Milne C, (1983) Laboratory measurement of honeybee brood disease resistance. 1. Uncapping and removal of freeze killed and live brood by newly emerged workers in laboratory test cages. Journal of Apicultural Research 21 (2) : 111-114 Milne C, (1983) Laboratory measurement of honeybee brood disease resistance. 2. Uncapping of freeze killed and live brood by newly emerged workers in cages. Journal of Apicultural Research 22 (2) : 115-118 Milne C, (1985) Estimates of the heritabilities of and genetic correlation between two components of honey bee hygienic behavior: uncapping and removing.Annals of the Entomological Society of America 78 : 841-844 Moritz R, (1988) A reevaluation of the two-locus model for hygienic behavior in honeybees. Journal of Heredity 79 : 257-262 Newton D, Cantwell G, Bourquin, E, (1975) Removal of freeze-killed brood as an index of nest cleaning behavior in honeybee colonies. American Bee Journal 115 (10) : 388 Newton D, Norman J, Ostasiewski J, (1986) A simplified bioassay for behavioral resistance to American foulbrood in honey bees. American Bee Journal 126 (4) : 278-281 Momot J, Rothenbuhler W, (1971) Behaviour genetics of nest cleaning in honeybees. VI. Interactions of age and genotype of bees, and nectar flow. Journal of Apicultural Research 10 (1) : 11-21 Rothenbuhler W (1964) Behavior genetics of nest cleaning in honey bees. I. Responses of four inbred lines to disease killed brood. Animal Behaviour 12 :578-583 Rothenbuhler W (1964) Behavior genetics of nest cleaning in honey bees. IV. Responses to F1 and backcross generations to disease-killed brood. American Zoologist (4):111-123 Rothenbuhler W , Thompson V (1957) Resistance to American foulbrood in honey bees. Journal of Economic Entomology 49 (4): 470-475 Spivak M, Honey bee hygienic behavior and defense against Varroa jacobsoni.Apidologie 27 : 245-260 Spivak M, Gilliam M, (1993) Facultative expression of hygienic behaviour of honey bees in relation to disease resistance. Journal of Apicultural Research 32(3/4): 147-157 Spivak M, Reuter G, Lamb M, (1995) Frequency of hygienic behavior in naturally mated daughters of a hygienic breeder queen. American Bee Journal 135 (12): 830 Spivak M, Gillam M (1998) Hygienic behaviour of honey bees and its application for control of brood diseases and varroa. Part 1. Bee World 79(3): 124-134 Spivak M, Gillam M (1998) Hygienic behaviour of honey bees and its application for control of brood diseases and varroa. Part 2. Bee World 79(4): 169-186 Szabo T, (1995) Selective breeding of honey bees for resistance to Varroa jacobsoni in Ontario. American Bee Journal 135 (12): 831 Taber S, (1982) Breeding for disease resistance. American Bee Journal 122(3):177-179 Taber S, (1982) Determining resistance to brood disease. American Bee Journal 122(6):422-425 Thompson V, (1964) Behaviour genetics of nest cleaning in honeybees. III. Effect of age of bees of a resistant line on their response to disease killed brood. Journal of Apicultural Research 3 (1): 25-30 Thompson V, Rothenbuhler W (1957) Resistance to American foulbrood in honey bees.II. Differential protection of larvae by adults of different genetic lines. Journal of Economic Entomology 50 : 731-737 Trump R, Thompson V, Rothenbuhler W, (1967) Behaviour genetics of nest cleaning in honeybees. V. Effect of previous experience and composition of mixed colonies on response to disease killed brood. Journal of Apicultural Research 6 (3): 127-131 Varroa Sensitive Hygiene VSH aka SMR For the latest information click here >Danka, Robert G. Harris, Jeffrey W. Villa, Jose D. (2010) Hygienic responses to Varroa destructor by commercial and feral honey bees from the Big Island of Hawaii before exposure to mites. Harris, Jeffrey W. Danka, Robert G. Villa, Jose D. (2010) Honey Bees with the Trait of Varroa Sensitive Hygiene Remove Brood with All Reproductive Stages of Varroa Mites Rinderer, Thomas E. Harris, Jeffrey W. Hunt, Gregory J. de Guzman, Lilia I. (2010) Breeding for resistance to Varroa destructor in North America. Villa J, Danka R, Harris J (2009) Simplified methods of evaluating colonies for levels of Varroa Sensitive Hygiene (VSH) Danka R, Harris J (2009) Status of bees with the trait of varroa sensitive hygiene (VSH) for varroa resistance Harbo J, Harris J (2009) Responses to Varroa by honey bees with different levels of Varroa Sensitive Hygiene Ward K, Danka R, Ward R (2008) Comparative Performance of Two Mite-Resistant Stocks of Honeybees in Alabama Beekeeping Operations Harris J ( 2008) Effects of brood type on Varroa-sensitive hygiene (VSH) by worker honey bees Villa J, Danka R, Harris J (2009) Simplified methods of evaluating colonies for levels of Varroa Sensitive Hygiene (VSH) Danka R, Harris J (2009) Status of bees with the trait of varroa sensitive hygiene (VSH) for varroa resistance Ward K, Danka R, Ward R (2008) Comparative Performance of Two Mite-Resistant Stocks of Honeybees in Al Beekeeping Operations Harbo J, Harris J (2008) Responses to Varroa by honey bees with different levels of Varroa Sensitive Hygiene Harris J ( 2008) Effects of brood type on Varroa-sensitive hygiene (VSH) by worker honey bees Harris, J.W., Harbo, J.R. 2006 VSH BEES DISPROPORTIONATELY REMOVE VARROA-INFESTED HOSTS FROM THE YOUNGEST AGE COHORTS OF PUPAE Harbo J, Harris J (2005) The Number of Genes Involved in the Smr Trait Harbo J, Harris J (2005) Suppressed Mite Reproduction Explained by the Behavior of Adult Bees.Journal of Apicultural Research 44 : 21-23 Harris, J.W., Harbo, J.R. 2005. The SMR Trait Explained by Hygienic Behavior of Adult Bees. American Bee Journal 145(5):430-431 Ibrahim, A. and Spivak, M. The Relationship of Between Suppression of Mite Reproduction (SMR) and Hygienic Behavior, American Bee Journal, May 2004 Harris J, Harbo J (2004) Selective breeding for honey bees with a low percentage of Varroa mites in capped brood. American Bee Journal 144: 405 Harbo J, Harris J (2003) An Evaluation of Commercially produced Queens that have the SMR Trait. American Bee Journal, March 2003 Harbo J, Harris J (2002) SMR Queens : an Update.Bee Culture May 2002 Harris J, Harbo J (2001) Natural and Suppressed Reproduction of Varroa. Bee Culture May 2001 129 : 34-38 Harbo J, Harris J (2001) Resistance to Varroa destructor when mite-resistant queen honey bees were free-mated with unselected drones. Journal of Economic Entomology 94: 1319-1323 Harbo J, Harris J (2001) Suppression of mite reproduction: a characteristic of honey bees that produces resistance to Varroa destructor. American Bee Journal December 2001 Harris J, Harbo J (2000) Changes in reproduction of Varroa destructor after honey bee queens were exchanged between resistant and susceptible colonies.Apidologie 31: 689-699 Harbo, J.R., Harris, J.W. 2000. Using Free-mated Queens to Introduce Genes for Varroa Resistance into a Population of Honey Bees. American Bee Journal. 140(11):904-905. Harbo J, Harris J (1999)Heritability in honey bees of characteristics associated with resistance to Varroa jacobsoni. Journal of Economic Entomology 92 (2) : 261-265 Harris J, Harbo J (1999) Low sperm counts and reduced fecundity of mites in colonies of honey bees resistant to Varroa jacobsoni. Journal of Economic Entomology 92(1) :83-90 Harbo J, Harris J (1999) Selecting honey bees for resistance to Varroa jacobsoni. Apidologie 30 :183-196 Harbo J, Harris J (1999) Resistance to Varroa destructor when mite-resistant queen honey bees were free mated with unselected drones. Harbo J, Harris J (1998) Selecting honey bees for suppression of the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni. American Bee Journal 138 : 295-296 Harbo J, Hoopingarner R (1997) Honey bees in the United States that express resistance to Varroa jacobsoni.Journal of Economic Entomology 90 : 893-898 Camazine S (1986) Differential reproduction of the mite, Varroa jacobsoni, on Africanized and European honey bees. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 79 : 801-803 Varroa Biology For the latest info click here Anderson D, (1994) Non- reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni in Apis mellifera colonies in Papua New Guinia and Indonesia. Apidologie 25 : 412-421 Anderson D, (2000) Variation in the parasitic bee mite Varroa jacobsoni. Apidologie 31 : 281-292 Anderson D, Fuchs S, (1998) Two genetically distinct populations of Varroa jacobsoni with contrasting reproductive abilities of Apis mellifera. Journal of Apicultural Research 37 : 69-78 Boot W, et al (1994) Factors affecting invasion of Varroa jacobsoni into honeybee, Apis mellifera, brood cells. Bulletin of Entomological Research 84 : 3-10 Boot W, Calis J, Beetsma J, (1995) Does time spent on adult bees affect reproductive success of Varroa mites? Entomolgia Experimentalis et Applicata 75 : 1-7 Boot W, et al (1995) Why do Varroa mites invade worker brood cells of the honey bee despite lower reproductive success? Behavior, Ecology, and Sociobiology 36 : 283-289 Boot W, et al (1997) Reproductive success of Varroa jacobsoni in brood of its original host, Apis cerana, in comparison to that of its new host, A. mellifera Bulletin of Entomological Research 87 : 119-126 Boot W, et al (1999) Natural selection of Varroa jacobsoni explains the different reproductive strategies in colonies of Apis cerana and Apis mellifera. Experimental & Applied Acarology 23 : 133-144 Beetsma J, Zonneveld K (1992) Observations on the initiation and stimulation of oviposition of the Varroa mite. Experimental and Applied Acarology 16 : 303-312 Camazine S (1986) Differential reproduction of the mite, Varroa jacobsoni, on Africanized and European honey bees. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 79 : 801-803 DE GUZMAN, L. I., RINDERER, T. E., STELZER, J. A. 1999. Occurrence of two genotypes of Varroa jacobsoni Oud. in North America. Apidologie 30: 31-36. Donze G, Guerin P (1994) Behavioral attributes and parental care of Varroa mites parasitizing honeybee brood. Behavior, Ecology, and Sociobiology34 : 305-319 Donze G, Guerin P (1997) Time- Activity budgets and space by the different life stages of Varroa jacobsoni in capped brood of the honey bee Apis, mellifera.Journal of Insect Behavior 10 : 371-392 Donze G et al (1996) Effect of mating frequency and brood cell infestation rate on the reproductive success of the honeybee parasite Varroa jacobsoni. Ecological Entomology 21 : 17-26 Eguaras M, et al, (1994) Seasonal changes in Varroa jacobsoni reproduction in temerate climates of Argentina. Bee Science 3 : 120- 123 Eguaras M, et al (1995) Mortality and reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni in resistant colonies of honey bees in Argentina. Bee Science 3 (4): 174-178 Fries I, Camazine S, Sneyd J (1994) Population dynamics of Varroa jacobsoni: a model and review. Bee World 75 : 5-28 Fuchs S, (1994) Non- reproducing Varroa jacobsoni in honey bee worker cells- status of mites or effect of brood cells? Experimental and Applied Acarology 18 : 309-317 Fuchs S, Langenbach K (1989) Multiple infestation of Apis mellifera brood cells and reproduction in Varroa jacobsoni. Apidologie 20 : 257-266 Guzman- Novoa E, Vandame R, Arechavaleta M (1999) Susceptibility of European and Africanized honey bees to Varroa jacobsoni in Mexico. Apidologie 30 : 173-182 Guzman L, Rinderer T, Lancaster V, (1995) A short test evaluating larval attractiveness of honey bees to Varroa jacobsoni. Journal of Apicultural Research 34 (2): 89-92 Guzman L, Rinderer T, Delatte G, Macchiavell R, (1996) Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans tolerance in selected stocks of Apis mellifera L. Apidologie 27 : 193-210 Hanel H, (1983) The effect of juvenile hormone on the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni. Apidologie 14 (2): 137-142 Harbo J (1996) Evaluating colonies of honey bees for resistance to Varroa jacobsoni. BeeScience 4 : 100-105 Harbo J et al (2003) Variable popluation growth of varroa destructor in colonies of honey bees during a 10 year period.Environmental Entomology/population Ecology 32(6):1305-1312. Harbo J, Hoopingarner R, Harris J (1997) Evaluating honey bees for resistance to varroa mites: procedures and results. American Bee Journal 137 : 223-224 Harbo , Hoopingarner R (1997) Honey bees in the United States that express resistance to Varroa jacobsoni.Jo Journal of Economic Entomology 90 : 893-898 Harbo J, Harris J (1998) Selecting honey bees for suppression of the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni. American Bee Journal 138 : 295-296 Harbo J, Harris J (1999) Selecting honey bees for resistance to Varroa jacobsoni. Apidologie 30 :183-196 Harbo J, Harris J (1999)Heritability in honey bees of characteristics associated with resistance to Varroa jacobsoni. Journal of Economic Entomology 92 (2) : 261-265 Harris J, Harbo J (1999) Low sperm counts and reduced fecundity of mites in colonies of honey bees resistant to Varroa jacobsoni. Journal of Economic Entomology 92(1) :83-90 Harris J, Harbo J (2000) Changes in reproduction of Varroa destructor after honey bee queens were exchanged between resistant and susceptible colonies.Apidologie 31 689-699 Ifantidis M, (1983) Ontogenesis of the mite Varroa jacobsoni in worker and drone honeybee brood cells. Journal of Apicultural Research 22 : 200-206 Ifantidis M, (1984) Parameters of the population dynamics of the Varroa mite on honeybees. Journal of Apicultural Reserch 23 (4) : 227-233 Martin S (1994) Ontogenesis of the mite Varroa jacobsoni in worker brood of the honeybee Apis mellifera under natural conditions. Experimental and Applied Acarology 18 : 87-100 Martin S (1995) Reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni in cells of Apis mellifera containing one or more mother mites and the distribution of these cells. Journal of Apicultural Research 34 : 187- 196 Martin S, Kemp D, (1997) Average number of reproductive cycles performed by Varroa jacobsoni in honey bee colonies. Journal of Apicultural Research 36 : 113-123 Medina L, Martin S (1999) A comparative study of Varroa jacobsoni reproduction in worker cells of honey bees in England and Africanized bess in Yucatan, Mexico. Experimental and Applied Acarology 23 : 659-667 Message D, Goncalves L, (1995) Effect of the size of worker brood cells of Africanized honey bees on infestation and reproduction of the ectoparasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni. Apidologie 26 : 381-386 Morotto G, Goncalves L, De Jong D (1997) Relationship between food availability and the reproductive ability of the mite Varroa jacobsoni in Africanized bee colonies. American Bee Journal 137 : 67-69 Oldroyd B (1999) Coevolution while you wait: Varroa jacobsoni, a new parasite of western honeybees. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14 (8) : 312-315 Rosenkranz P (1999) Honey bee tolerance to Varroa jacobsoni in South America. Apidologie 30 : 159-171 Rosenkranz P, Engels W (1994) Infertility of Varroa jacobsoni females after invasion into Apis mellifera worker brood as a tolerance factor against varroatosis. Apidologie 25:402-411 Ruijter A, (1987) Reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni during successive brood cycles of the honeybee. Apidologie 18 : 321-326
VSH Bibliography:
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